linux-cheatsheet

      ____                               _                    _           
     / ___|___  _ __ ___  _ __  _ __ ___| |__   ___ _ __  ___(_)_   _____ 
    | |   / _ \| '_ ` _ \| '_ \| '__/ _ \ '_ \ / _ \ '_ \/ __| \ \ / / _ \
    | |__| (_) | | | | | | |_) | | |  __/ | | |  __/ | | \__ \ |\ V /  __/
     \____\___/|_| |_| |_| .__/|_|  \___|_| |_|\___|_| |_|___/_| \_/ \___|
                         |_|
 _     _                     ____ _                _       _               _   
| |   (_)_ __  _   ___  __  / ___| |__   ___  __ _| |_ ___| |__   ___  ___| |_ 
| |   | | '_ \| | | \ \/ / | |   | '_ \ / _ \/ _` | __/ __| '_ \ / _ \/ _ \ __|
| |___| | | | | |_| |>  <  | |___| | | |  __/ (_| | |_\__ \ | | |  __/  __/ |_ 
|_____|_|_| |_|\__,_/_/\_\  \____|_| |_|\___|\__,_|\__|___/_| |_|\___|\___|\__|             

###########
## GNOME ##
###########

Ctrl+Alt T — Terminal
Ctrl+Alt F — Firefox
Ctrl+Alt H — Home
Ctrl+Alt G — Gedit
Alt F12 — Run command
 
Alt F1 — Minimize window
Alt F2 — Toggle maximize window
Alt F3 — Toggle full screen
Ctrl+Alt D — Minimize all windows

Ctrl+Alt F1-F6 — Terminals (tty-s)
Ctrl+Alt F7-F12 — Xwindows
Ctrl+Alt Bksp — Restart X
Ctrl+Alt Del — Log out
Ctrl+Alt End — Shutdown
Super PgUp/PgDn — Switch workspace
Middle mouse button — Paste selected text


NAUTILUS/NEMO:
Ctrl L — Location, show path
Ctrl+Shift N — New folder
Ctrl H — Show hidden files


GEDIT:
Ctrl G — Find next
Ctrl+Shift G — Find previous
Ctrl+Shift K — Clear highlights


TERMINAL:
Ctrl+Shift C — Copy
Ctrl+Shift V — Paste
Ctrl+Shift T — New tab   
Ctrl+Shift W — Close tab     
Ctrl PgUp/PgDn — Switch tab
Ctrl +/- — Zoom
Ctrl D — Close terminal
Ctrl S — Scroll lock


BASH:
Keys when in emacs mode. You can switch to `vi` mode with `set -o vi` command.
Ctrl C — Interrupt, erase line
Ctrl A — Go to beginning of line
Ctrl E — End of line
Ctrl U — Copy line
Ctrl Y — Paste line
Alt . — Last argument
Ctrl R — Search trough history
Alt * — Show all matches for regular expression
Ctrl+Alt E — Show current line passed through alias, history and shell expansion
Ctrl X, Ctrl E — Edit command in editor
Ctrl P — Show last command (same as up arrow)



###############################
## AWESOME TERMINAL COMMANDS ##
###############################

========
PACKAGES:
========

dpkg — Low level package manager for Debian.
    -l — Lists installed packages.
    -i <package> (sudo) — Installs package from a package file.
apt-get — Advanced Package Tool built on top of `dpkg`. New command called 
        simply `apt` is also available. It merges the functionalities of 
        `apt-get` and `apt-cache`.
    update — Updates local list of existing packages.
    -u dist-upgrade — Upgrades by intelligently handling changing dependencies 
            with new versions of packages. To regularly update put this line 
            in `crontab`:  
            `apt-get update && apt-get -u dist-upgrade`. 
    upgrade — Same as dist-upgrade, but will not remove installed packages or 
            install new ones.
    install <package> — Also updates single package.
    remove <package> — Removes package but leaves its configurations.
    remove apt-listchanges — Useful when Debian can't find a package.
    purge <package> — Removes package and its configurations. Run `apt-get 
            autoremove` after to remove all dependencies that are not needed 
            anymore.
    autoremove — Removes unneeded packages.
    source <package> — Downloads code.
    build-dep <package> — Installs the build dependencies.
    --yes — Answers with 'yes' to most questions (Except the ones that can have
            potentially harmful consequences).
    --force-yes — Answers 'yes' to all questions (Not recommended).
apt-cache — Queries the APT's internal database. 
    search <keyword> — Searches packages like `apropos`, but globally.
    show <package> — Shows package info like version, dependencies, etc.
    showpkg <package> — Similar, but also shows the packages that depend on the
            searched package (reverse dependencies).
    policy <package> — Shows installed and remote version.
apt-file — APT package searching utility.
    search <file> — Search in which package a file is included.
    update — Updates local list of package contents.
aptitude — Enables package browsing (skin for apt-get).
    search '~i!~M' — Lists installed packages that were not installed as a 
            dependency, with short description of each.
    search <package> — Package search.

winetricks — Installs wine applications.
update-alternatives — Maintains symbolic links determining default commands.
unattended-upgrade — Automatic installation of security upgrades.


COMMANDS:
apropos <cmd> — Searches the manual page names and descriptions (use quotes 
        for phrases).
    -a — Matches all keywords.
whatis <cmd> — Displays one-line manual page description.
whereis <cmd> — Locates the binary, source, and manual page files for a 
        command.
which <cmd> — Locates only the binary of a command.
wtf — Translates acronyms and filename suffixes.


INSTALL MANTRA:
```shell
./configure --help
./configure
make
sudo make install

======= GENERAL: =======

su — Switches user. - — Switches to user. - — Switches to root. man — Help on commands. <section> — Section numbers: 1. Programs, 2. System calls, 3. Library calls, 4. Special files, 5. File formats, 7. Miscellaneous, 8. System administration commands echo — Prints passed text. -n — Does not add newline at the end. -e — Enables interpretation of backslashed letters. xargs — Passes output from one command to arguments of another: `echo -a | xargs ls` -t — Echoes the command before executing it. -p — Echoes command and asks for confirmation before execution. -0 — Input items are separated by null character instead of space. tee — Sends output of a program to specified file and to standard output: ` | tee out_1.txt | ` /dev/tty — Sends output to terminal and to standard output expr — Evaluates passed expression. 1 + 1 — Prints `2`. bc — Evaluates input. It's basically a calculator, but also provides some control commands. echo 1 + 1 | bc — Prints `2`. echo "scale=5;3/4" | bc — Prints `.75000`. sh — Runs command interpreter (shell). Can run a script even if not executable. -c '' — Starts new non-interactive shell and reads commands from arguments instead of `stdin`. To append lines to system configuration file run: `sudo sh -c 'echo "" >> '` bash — Runs bash command interpreter (shell). -c — Reads commands from arguments instead of `stdin`. -n

FILES: ls -d — List directory names instead of contents -S — Sort by size -t — Sort by time -1 — One file per line ./* — Ls one level deep -i — Get inode number of file (file id). Use sudo find / -inum <number> to find all links that point to same file. cp -i — Interactive (Prompts before overwrite) -v — Verbose (Explains what is being done) -R — Copy directories recursively -p — Preserve mode, ownership and timestamps –preserve=all — Also preserves context, links and xattr rm -i — Interactive (Prompts before every removal) -v — Verbose (Explains what is being done) -f — Force remove (Does not prompt, useful if rm is aliased with -i) -R — Removes directories and their content recursively mkdir -p — Make parents if needed ln — Makes links to the files -s — Makes symbolic link. If you want to use relative paths you must be in links directory !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! df -h — Displays humanly readable free disk space du -s

— Directory size mc — Midnight commander Alt o — Open parent dir in another panel Ctrl o — Switch to bash find -name — Search by name -regex — Use regex for name search -not — Insert before other options to negate -maxdepth — Descend only to levels deep -samefile — Find all hard links of a file -xdev — Don't descend directories on other filesystems -inum — Find files with the inode number -type <f|d|b|...> — Find files of type -delete — Delete found files -exec {} \; — Find files and execute command for every found file. `{}` is replaced with filename -exec {} + — Find files and execute command with all filenames in place of `{}` -atime +/-n — Find files that were last accessed less or more than n days. -print0 | xargs -0 — Sends found files to a command as parameters. Uses `NUL` character as separator, necessary for filenames with spaces locate — Similar as `find` but using index -i — Ignore case --regex — Interprets all patterns as extended regex -0 | xargs -0 — Sends found files to a command as parameters. updatedb (sudo) — Update locate index md5sum — Prints md5 sum hash of a file read — Read single line from standard input -n 1 — Print after reading one character -s — Do not echo input coming from terminal shred — Securely remove files file — Determine file's type tree — Ls in a tree-like (hierarchical) format install — Copy files and set attributes gpg — Decrypt file with password -c — Encrypt mktemp — Create a temporary file or directory in `/tmp` and returns it's name. rename s// — Renames multiple files using `sed` syntax rsync — A fast, versatile, remote (and local) file-copying tool -Hbaz -e ssh — ` @:` - Backs up the 'src-dir': `-H` preserves hard links, `-b` renames preexisting destination files (back up), `-a` preserve everything except hard links and `-z` compresses. cmp — Compares two files, similar to diff but also for binaries stat — Displays files status -c%X — Time of last modification of the file readlink -f — Follow link recursively and print files path xdg-open — Open file with default application for the file type dialog — Display dialog box from shell script watch — Execute command periodically

ARCHIVES: dtrx — Universal archive extractor tar — xvzf .tar.gz (.tgz) — Decompress and detar xvjf .tar.bz2 — Decompress and detar -cf .tar — Compress unzip \*.zip — Backslash is necessary so that bash doesn't expand the `*` -d

— Extract into directory (create if doesn't exist) zip -r — Compress whole directory recursively. -g — Add files to existing archive (grow). unrar e — Extract files from rar archive zcat — Cats gziped file

TERMINAL MULTIPLEXERS: screen — Switch between multiple virtual terminals (useful in ssh). Prefix for a command is Ctrl a. c — New terminal, n — Next, p — Previous, a — Go to beginning of line, | — New region vertically, S — New region horizontally, tab — Move to next region, Q — Close all but selected region, X — Kill the current region, esc — Enter copy/scrollback mode -> space: start/stop marking, ] — Paste, k — Kill window, t — Show time and avg CPU load tmux — Terminal multiplexer, better screen. Prefix for a command is Ctrl b. Most commands are the same as in screen. ls — Shows running sessions attach [-t ] — Attach to running session d — Detach from currently attached session pgup — Enter in copy mode and pageup, [ — Copy mode, ] — Paste, " — Split horizontally, % — Split vertically

==== BASH: ====

“$x” — ALWAYS PUT DOUBLE QUOTES AROUND VARIABLE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! All variables in bash are global!!!!!!! “$” — Combines all the arguments into single word, separating them with first character of IFS variable. If IFS is not set, space is used. If IFS is null, no separator is used!!!!!!!!! No args provided will result in one empty string being passed on!!! “$@” — Use this instead!!!!! Will retain arguments as-is, so no args provided will result in no args being passed on. This is in most cases what you want to use for passing on arguments. Google: “$@” is right almost everytime, and $ is wrong almost everytime. “$#” — Number of arguments “$1” — First argument “$0” — Name of the script $’\n’ — String literal with escape sequences (there is a backslash before n) If you want IFS to be a new line (useful with for loop) you need to: IFS=$'\n' - The dollar forces substitution!!!!! Also if you want ‘while read line; do…’ to preserve leading spaces and tabs, you need to set IFS=”” $? — Exit code of last command (0 - Success) Ctrl-Z, kill %% — Kill looping bash script

test — Same as `[ ]`. Returns zero exit status if true. -n — Is string non empty -z — Is string empty -a — And -o — Or = — Strings are equal -nt — File newer than -ot — Older then -d — Directory exists -e — File exists -f — Is a regular file -h — Its a symbolic link -r — Has read permission -w — Has write permission -x — Has execute permission [[ ]] — Same as `[`, but without word splitting and filename expansion. And with additional operators: `&&`, `||`, `<`, `>` (lexicographic less, more), and also regular expression matching. =~ — Regex comparison operator: `[[ "$HOST" =~ ^user.* ]]` let — Executes expression: let a="$b"+2

$(command) — Same as command eval — Execute string as command $RANDOM — 0 - 32767 input=`cat` — Getting standard input

• — In place of a file name means standard in or out set -o vi — Set line editing to vi mode pushd . — Put current dir on stack popd — Pop dir from stack cd - — go to last dir source

SAFETY: set — -e — Exit if any command fails -u — Exit if referencing undefined variable -o pipefail — If any command in a pipeline fails, its return code is used as the return code of the whole pipeline IFS=$’\n\t’ — Remove space from the default Internal Field Separator

HISTORY: sudo !! — Run the last command as root ␣ — Execute a command without saving it in the history ! — Run last command that starts with cmd

REDIRECTIONS:

2> /dev/null — Redirect error output to `null` &> /dev/null — Redirect both standard and error output to `null` >&2 — Write to stderr 2>&1 | less — Add stderr to stdout and print it with less (useful for gcc) ARRAYS AND LINES: Reads line by line from variable. To preserve spaces use `IFS=`. while IFS= read -r line; do echo "... $line ..." done <<< "$list" — ${a[1]} — Value of the second element of the array for c in ${a[@]} — Iterate over array ${varname:offset:length} — Get substring: `s="aeiou"; ${s:3:1} -> o` ${#var} — Length of a var ${#name[subscript]} — Length of the element ${#name[@]} — Length of the array ALIASES AND FUNCTIONS: alias — Print all aliases — Print alias ='cmd' — Set alias command — Executes original command, bypassing any aliases or shell functions that may be defined for command \ — Temporarily disable alias (call original) type — Will tell you what is command aliased to or if it is a builtin, function or a command -P just check commands declare -F — Print function names declare -f — Print functions ==== TEXT: ==== PRINT: head — -n- — Print all lines but the last n -c — Print first c characters tail — -n+ — Start at line number -f — Do not stop printing (follow) cat — -n — Number all lines >> file — Simplest text editor (great for pasting) less & — Display only lines with pattern -N — Show line numbers -~ — Do not show `~` after `EOF` +G — Tells less to start at the end of the file +F — Follow the input (to scroll up first press ctrl+c) -F — Or --quit-if-one-screen v — Opens editor defined in `$VISUAL` or `$EDITOR` :n — Examine the next file <, > — Go to home, end wc — Count lines, words and characters EDIT: sudo -e — Edit file as sudo tr — Translate characters -d — Delete characters cut — Removes columns from each line of files -d ':' -f 1,7 /etc/passwd — Only show the username and the shell sort — Sorts lines -u — Uniq, removes duplicates -t — Set delimiter for fields (default is space) -k — Select by which field to sort uniq — Removes adjacent duplicates -c — Count -d — Intersection -u — Difference column — Columnate text -t — Create a table shuf — Shuffle input lines tac — Concatenate and print files in reverse (reverse `cat`) join — Join lines of two files on a common field colrm [from [to]] — Removes columns seq — Output numbers from 1 to number ispell, aspell — Interactive spell checker basename — Strips directory from path -s . — Also strip suffix -a — Process multiple filenames dirname — Strip last component from path fmt — Produce roughly uniform line lengths fold — Wrap each input line to fit in specified width paste — Glue two documents side by side sed — 's///g' — Substitute every occurrence in line, not just the first one 's///I' — Ignore case -r — Extended syntax, for `+`, `?`, ... Also you shouldn't escape the parenthesis -r 's###e' — Execute match as a command -i — Will make changes directly to the file (in place) -u — Unbuffered mode (processes input immediately) -n l — Print escape sequence (keycode) of a pressed key expand — Convert tabs to spaces -t — Set number of spaces (default is 8) -i — Do not convert tabs after non blanks DIFF: diff — -u — Unified format --brief -r — Compare two directory trees colordiff — Version of diff with colors sdiff — Two files side by side comm — Compare two sorted files line by line patch — Apply a diff file to original patch < patch.diff — Apply patch diff -u > patch.diff — Create patch SEARCH: grep — -v — Inverse -n — Line numbers -w — Whole word -A — Print also num lines after -B — Print also num lines before -r — Recursive -o — Print only matching part -P — Perl notation with additional operators such as: `\\t`, `+` and `?` (non-greedy!!!!). -i — Ignore case -I — Do not process binary files -l — Just print files with matches -L — Just print files without matches -e — Necessary to put before pattern if it starts with `-`!!!!!!! or if you want multiple patterns. | wc -l — Count occurrences --line-buffered — Processes input line by line instead of in bigger chunks look — Display lines beginning with a given string strings — Print all text parts of binary file CONVERT: todos, fromdos — Convert line endings form/to windows format (package tofrodos) enscript — Converts text files to postscript, rtf, HTML gs — Ghostscript: postscript and PDF language interpreter and previewer pdftohtml — Pdf to html pdftotext — Pdf to text libreoffice — New Openoffice figlet — Display large characters made up of ordinary screen characters (Ascii art) toilet — Similar (Ascii art) cproto — Generates C function prototypes (declarations) EDITORS: nano — Simple text editor. /etc/nanorc — Config file. /usr/share/nano/.nanorc — Syntax highlight files. Alt + / or ? — Go to last line. fte — Cool text editor with CUA (IBM)-shortcuts diakonos — Simple terminal text editor with ctrl-c for copy pyroom — Distraction free writing (gui) ======= NETWORK: ======= whois — Info about domain host <ip/hostname> — DNS lookup utility nslookup — Same interactively dig — Same, lot of options hostname — Prints/sets computer name, to set it permanently edit `/etc/hostname` and `/etc/hosts` netstat — Displays contents of /proc/net files, status of ports... -r — Show routing table -i — Show interfaces arp — Manipulate the system ARP cache (IP -> mac) route — Tool used to display or modify the routing table add default gw — Change the default gateway should DNS not be configured correctly on your machine, you need to edit `/etc/resolv.conf` to make things work ifconfig eth0 down/up (sudo) — Turn network interface on/off netmask up — Set ip and mask ifup eth0 — Will bring eth0 up if it is currently down. ip link show — List network interfaces link set dev eth0 up — Bring interface eth0 up or down addr show — List addresses of interfaces route add default via — Set default gateway traceroute, traceroute6, traceroute6.iputils — Traces route tracepath, tracepath6 — Similar (iputils package) mtr — Combines the functionality of the traceroute and ping findsmb — List info about machines that respond to SMB name queries - Windows based machines sharing their hard disks /etc/services — List of internet services with their port numbers NetworkManager — Network management daemon, configuration file is in /etc/NetworkManager/NetworkManager.conf nm-tool — Prints info nm-online — Is network connected nmcli — Command-line tool for controlling NetworkManager nc — (netcat) It can open TCP connections, send UDP packets, listen on arbitrary TCP and UDP ports, do port scanning... ncat — Concatenate and redirect sockets ethtool eth0 — Show status of eth0 -S — Statistics -s — Change settings (speed, duplex,...) ss -tupl — List internet services on a system -tuo — List active connections to/from system WIRELESS: iwconfig — Sets the wireless configuration options basic to most wireless devices iwlist wlan0 — — Displays current status information of a device, more detailed then iwconfig scan (sudo) — List wireless networks in range iwspy — Sets the list of IP addresses in a wireless network and checks the quality of their connections iwpriv — Accesses configuration options specific to a particular device rfkill list — Show wireless adapters (wifi and bluetooth) block/unblock — Block/unblock wireless device iw dev wlan0 — link — Show link status of wlan0 set biterates — Manually set interface speed scan (sudo) — List wireless networks in range wavemon — Monitor wireless connection link quality ======== INTERNET: ======== mutt — Mail client sftp — Secure ftp sshd — (openssh-server) ssh server deamon, on Windows service is named 'CYGWIN sshd' /etc/init.d/ssh restart (sudo) — Restart sshd (ssh deamon) /usr/local/etc/init.d/openssh start (sudo) — Start openssh deamon ssh-keygen -t rsa -C — Generate rsa key pair, keys are stored in ~/.ssh ssh — SSH client @

"mpg321 -" < .mp3 — Stream audio over ssh enter ~. — Kill unresponsive session scp — Securely copy files over network. Example: `scp @:~` wget — Download files from WWW -O — Specify output file -c — Continue downloading unfinished file. Can also use wildcards, but use single quotes around url. -r -l1 --no-parent -A.gif — Recursively to the depth of one ignoring references to the parent directory and all gifs. curl — Similar -qO - — Writes to standard output + quiet -i — Urls specified by standard input transmissioncli — Torrent terminal client -d — Download limit (kB/s) -u — Upload limit youtube-dl — Download from YouTube noip2 — Dynamic dns update client rdesktop — Remote Desktop Protocol client tin, nn — Usenet client nrss — Rss feed reader BROWSERS: lynx — Terminal web browser -cmd_log= — Write keystrokes to script -cmd_script= — Read keystrokes from script -syslog-urls — Log requested URLs with syslog. -dumb — Prints txt to stdout -crawl — Same, turns numbers off -source — Prints html to stdout -l — Add the current link to your bookmark file a — Save the address of a document or link to a bookmark file, by default ~/lynx_bookmarks.html o — Options (you can select vim mode) ctrl+n — Scroll down two lines ctrl+p — Scroll up two lines ctrl+p — Previous line crrl+n — Next line elinks — Another web browser (has menus) HACKING: nmap — -sP 192.168.1.1-3 — Network scanning 192.168.1.3 -p100-139 — Port scanning -O 192.168.1.3 (sudo) — Scanning os tcpdump (sudo) — Sniffer (show network traffic) -l — Buffered output (for piping to less, etc.) ettercap — Multipurpose sniffer/interceptor/logger for switched LAN (can detect man in the middle, denial of service, DNS spoofing) driftnet — Picks out and displays images from network traffic kismet — Wireless 802.11b monitoring tool aircrack-ng — Wireless WEP/WPA cracking utilities Cain & Abel — Password recovery tool for Microsoft Operating Systems dnsniff — Warious hacking tools: arpspoof — For man in the middle attack dsniff — Password sniffer for several protocols, ... ip link set eth0 promisc on — Set network interface to promiscuous mode multicast off — Set multicast off ====== SYSTEM: ====== meta, system info — In cinnamon uname -a — Print system info, kernel version cat /etc/issue — Show name and version of distribution init — Upstart init daemon job configuration telinit — Change system runlevel dmesg — Print the contents of your bootup (startup) messages displayed by the kernel. This is often useful when debugging problems getconf -a — Print all system configuration variables nohup — Run a command immune to hangups, runs even after the shell is closed (writes output to nohup.out) &>/dev/null & — Run a command immune to hangups in background, do not save output wmctrl — X Window Manager awesome — Tiled window manager -k — Check configuration script for errors busybox — Combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single small executable. (1.5 Mb) mono — .NET support USERS: users — Prints logged in users who — Logged in users, more data w — Logged in users, also what are they running vipw — Edit password file vigr — Edit groups file umask — the umask is a value set by the shell. It controls the default permissions of any file created usermod — Modify user account information -l — -c "" — -d /my/new/home — Change location of the users home -m -d /my/new/home — Also move the files useradd — Add user adduser — More high level (use `adduser sudo` after to add user to sudo group) --system — Create system user (can not log in) — Add user to group (only takes effect after login!!!) groups — What groups user belongs to userdel -r — Remove user and his home dir deluser -remove-all-files — More high level, removes also files outside home, cron jobs, itd passwd — Change password FILE SYSTEMS: mkfs — Build a Linux filesystem mke2fs — Create a ext filesystem mkswap — Set up a swap area parted — Partition manipulation program -l (sudo) — List partitions fdisk — Manipulate disk partition table -l (sudo) — List partitions disks — Nice GUI partition tool mount — List all mounted devices (to get list of devices use `fdisk -l`) — For example mount /dev/hdc2 to /mymedia lsattr — List file attributes chattr — Change file attributes rkhunter -c — Checks if it can find any rootkits under the system ntfsundelete — Undelete files on NTFS partition LOGGING: last — When various users have logged in or out. This includes information on when the computer was rebooted. lastlog — Displays a list of users and what day/time they logged into the system. To get all failed logins run: `cat /var/log/auth.log | grep "failed password" -i`. rsyslogd — manages all the logs on your system closelog, openlog, syslog, vsyslog -> library calls that send messages to the system logger logger — Makes entries in the system log zeitgeist — Activity logger LOAD: tload — 'graphic' representation of system load top — Show processes by resource consumption <, > — Change resource htop — Better top free -tm — Displays memory statistics -s — Continuously display vmstat — Performance of system components / virtual memory statistics sar — System activity information iostat — Disk usage time — Time a execution of a command perf — Profiler TRACING: auditd — System call auditing (package) ausearch — Querys the audit logs autrace — Traces a specific process auditctl — Controls the behavior of the auditd server strace — Trace system calls and signals. All printed system calls can be looked up by `man`! -s — Maximum string size we want printed (default is too short, 2000 is OK) -f — Also follow children -p — Attach to process -o — Write output to file -c — Count/aggregate -T — Time the execution of each call ltrace — List library calls made by command lsof — List open files with file descriptors -p — Open files by process — Open files in path lsmod — Show which kernel modules (drivers) are loaded modinfo — Get more information about kernel module HARDWARE: lshw (sudo) — List all hardware lspci [-tv] — Show pci info lsusb [-tv] — Show usb info lscpu — Print CPU information dmidecode -q — Display bios/dmi information like ram size/type, max ram, computer model name, cpu information. smartctl -A /dev/sda — Show disk usage info hdparm -tT /dev/sda — Do a read speed test badblocks -s /dev/sda — Check for bad blocks fstrim -v / — Discard unused blocks, useful for ssd-s sensors — (lm-sensors) hardware monitoring tool, temperature, fan speed pwmconfig — (fancontrol) set fan speed TERMINAL: tty — Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input stty — Change and print terminal line settings openvt — run a program on a next available tty script — Makes a typescript of everything printed on your terminal. Ctrl-d to stop recording. setterm — Set terminal attributes -cursor off/on — Set cursor on/off gpm — Enable mouse for tty KEYS/CHARACTERS/FONTS: IN X: xmodmap — Remap keys setxkbmap -layout us — Set us keyboard layout xev — Get keycodes of pressed keys xset — User preference utility for X -r — Turn key autorepeat off r — Turn key autorepeat on X NOT NECESSARY: loadkeys — Load key mapping showkey — Get keycodes of pressed keys setfont — Set console font /usr/share/consolefonts/Uni2-VGA16.psf.gz — For example /etc/default/console-setup — contains the default settings jfbterm — Enable unicode characters in terminal echo -en "\e]PC7373C9" — Change blue color in tty (first numeral after P means slot, and others shade) ========= PROCESSES: ========= ps --forest — View hierarchical view of processes v — Virtual memory --sort — Sort by field pstree — Similar pgrep — Prints PIDs of processes containing pattern -l — Also print process name pkill — Kills every process that contains pattern in name kill — Sends TERM signal to process -kill — Sends KILL signal meaning force quit, data will be lost killall — Uses name instead of pid skill — Sends signals to command/user/tty or report process status -stop — Stop all of the users processes -cont — Continue all users processes nice — Sets the priority for a process (from max of -20 to min of 20) -20 — Execute command with maximum priority renice — Changes the priority of an existing process +20 — Change processes priority to lowest level snice — Works very similarly to skill -10 -u root — Increase the priority of all root's processes pmap — Report memory map of a process (mapped file) JOBS: Ctrl z — Put job into background jobs — Prints currently running job bg — Put job in background fg — Bring job to the foreground %n — Job number n %s — Job whose command line starts with s %% — Current job %- — Previous job SCHEDULED COMMANDS: at — Executes command at a particular time at 21:30 / at now + time / at -f shell_script now + 1 hour echo "ls -l" | at midnight atq — List jobs currently in 'at' queue atrm — Remove a job from the 'at' queue crontab -e — Schedule commands for repeating execution cron — Daemon that executes scheduled commands sudo service cron status — Print status of cron sudo service cron [stop|start|restart] — Stop, start, or restart cron deamon sudo vim /etc/default/cron — Set logging lever cat /var/log/cron — Print log anacron — Like cron but it catches up with tasks next time the computer gets turned on SERVICES: service — Allows you to start, stop or restart a service (it runs a script in /etc/init.d folder) -f sshd — Restart the ssh server httpd status — Get status of apache --status-all — Print status of all services You can also execute the shell script directly from /etc/init.d folder like: /etc/init.d/httpd stop. SYSTEM RUNLEVELS: runlevel — Output previous and current runlevel 0 — Shuts down the system 1 — Administrative single-user mode 2 — Same as 3 but without networking / multiuser with X server 3 — Text mode state (ctrl+alt+F1) / User defined 4 — User defined 5 — X-window mode (ctrl+alt+F7) / User defined 6 — Reboots S — Single user mode ========== MULTIMEDIA: ========== AUDIO: alsamixer — Set audio level (curses) amixer — Set audio levels (command line) rmmod pcspkr (sudo) — Disable pc-speaker, beep cmus — Music player (can be controlled from outside) mplayer — Movie/music player mpg321 — Plays mp3 ogg123 — Plays ogg aplay — Plays audio play — Plays audio arecord — Command line audio recorder and player -f — Set file format (cd) -d — Set duration -f cd -d -t raw | lame -x -r — Out.mp3 — Capture audio that is playing and convert it to mp3 id3v2 -l — Lists all files tags sound-juicer — Cd ripper xfburn — Cd burner traverso — Simple daw BITMAP: display — Displays an image montage — Creates a montage from images <input_file/s> -set label '%t' <output_file/s> — Labels images convert — Converts file format (imagemagick) import — Captures screen-shots from the X server mogrify — Edit image gocr — Command line text recognition tool ocrad — Command line text recognition tool ppmforge — Creates picture of random planet or clouds gnuplot — Interactive plotter: plot [-10:10] sin(x) -p — Leave plots open after exit plot .dat — Plot data from dat file fbi — Display images inside tty VIDEO: ffmpeg -i — Video and audio format converter. Has been replaced by avconv avconv -i — Video and audio format converter (libav-tools) openshot — Gui movie editor openmovieeditor — Gui movie editor aview, asciiview — ASCII art image viewer and video player ########################## ## AWESOME DEBIAN FILES ## ########################## BASH: ~/.bashrc — Executed at every shell startup, user specific /etc/bash.bashrc — Executed at every shell startup, all users ~/.profile, .bash_profile, .bash_login — First file found executed at login, user specific /etc/profile — Executed at login, all users (put PATHS here) /etc/rc.local — Last startup script executed, runs command as su HOME: ~/.Xmodmap — Keyboard map BINS: /bin — Key programs like ls, cat, bash, ... /sbin — Key programs for system management like ifconfig, mkfs, fdisk, ... /usr/bin — Distribution managed programs /usr/sbin — Distribution managed system programs /usr/local/bin — User programs not managed by the distribution package /usr/local/sbin — User system management programs, not managed by the distribution package GENERAL CONFIG: "Edit To Configure" or "Editable Text Configuration". /etc/mailcap — Default programs for extensions /etc/passwd — Users /etc/groups — Groups /etc/default — Boot script parameters that the end user or administrator is likely to change. /console-setup — Set console (tty) character set, font size, ... /etc/fstab — Filesystem table. To mount drive at startup, create dir in `/media` and append line like this : `/dev/sda1 /media/data ntfs user,fmask=0111,dmask=0000 0 2` (Check `man fstab` for details). /etc/alternatives — Links to default application versions (here you can change the default Java JDK) /etc/issue — Name and version of distribution /etc/fstab — Automatic mounts are handled by configuring the file /etc/sudoers — Lists of users and the commands they can run with sudo (needs to be edited with visudo command) /etc/apt /sources.list — List of places where to look for packages SERVICES: /etc/init/, ~/.init/ Init — Upstart init daemon job configuration /etc/init.d — Folder with service scripts, that get executed at start and end /halt — Runs at the end /etc/rc.d — Startup scripts for different runlevels - Links to scripts in /etc/init.d - S85httpd -> S means startup, K is for stop. (To disable service just change S for K) /etc/rc.local — Last initialization file executed - Put your commands here /etc/init/ssh.conf — Sshd config /etc/ssh/sshd_config — Sshd config /etc/crontab — System-wide crontab /etc/cron.hourly, /etc/cron.daily, ... — Links to scripts that will execute periodically. Scripts within a cron directory are run alphabetically. /etc/rsyslog.conf | rsyslog.d/50-default.conf — Log conf (need to restart rsyslogd after edit) /etc/syslog.conf — Configuration information for syslogd NETWORK: /etc/resolv.conf — Dns information /etc/sysconfig /networking/devices/ifcfg-eth0 — Use ifcfg to configure a particular interface /etc/services — List of internet services with their port numbers /etc/NetworkManager /NetworkManager.conf — Configuration file PROC: Various information about the system. /proc/cpuinfo — Information about the CPU /proc/modules — information about which kernel-modules are loaded on your system /proc/net — Network related /route — Routing table /netstat — Displays contents of /proc/net files /proc/iomem — Neat memory map /proc/partitions — Partitions info /proc/acpi /battery/BAT1/info — Battery info /ac_adapter/ACAD/state — Adapter info /wakeup — List of devices that can wake up your machine via acpi sudo sh -c "echo USB1 > /proc/acpi/wakeup" — Enable device USB1 to wakeup computer from sleep/suspend /proc/net/wireless — Wireless connection info USR: "Unix System Resources" /usr/lib /jvm — Java JREs and JDKs /usr/share /man — Man pages /bash-completion — Bash completion functions SBIN: The "system-administrator's bin file". Hosts programs that would be in /bin if they didn't have "root-only" access permissions. VAR: "Variable" /var/log — System logs in here /auth.log — Logins /syslog — Most of the rest of the logs /var/spool — Contains data which is awaiting some kind of later processing BOOT: Kernels. /boot/grub/menu.lst — Grub configuration file /etc/default/grub — Grub configuration file ########### ## GIT ## ########### GIT MANTRA: ```markdown git init git add OR git add . git status git commit -am "" ``` CLONE FROM GITHUB: ```markdown git clone git@github.com:// — Download repo (later you keep refreshing with 'git pull origin master') -> You need SSH key. If you don't want, use https://github.com// for address. ``` GENERATE SSH KEY: 1. — Check for existing keys: cd ~/.ssh; ls -al 2. — Generate new key: ssh-keygen -t rsa -C "your_email@example.com" 3. — Add your key to the ssh-agent: ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa 4. — Add your key to GitHub: copy contents of ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub and paste them into key field at 'Account settings' > 'SSH Keys' > 'Add SSH key'. ADD TO GITHUB: ```markdown # Create remote repository on website. git remote add origin git@github.com://.git git pull origin master git push origin master # Sometimes also: git push --set-upstream origin master ``` REMOTE: ```markdown git remote update — Get info about state of remote show origin — Print address of the origin set-url origin — `git@github.com:/.git` - Change the url of origin, ssh key needed; `https://www.github.com//.git` - Same, but withouth key. git status -uno — Check if everything up-to-date git fetch; git checkout — Checkout remote branch ``` TAGS: ```markdown git push --tags — Push tags git fetch --tags — Pulling tags (automatically if on the same branch and there is a new commit?) ``` UNDO: ```markdown git reset --hard HEAD~1 — Delete last commit and all of its changes HEAD~1 — Delete last commit but keep your changes ``` ALSO USEFUL: ```shell git checkout HEAD^ — Retrieve deleted file git rm --cached — Untrack file without deleting it git tag -a 0.9.1 -m "Version 0.9.1 release" — Tag latest commit git tag — List local tags chown -R : * (sudo) — In .git/objects git format-patch -1 — Generate patch file git rev-parse HEAD — Get sha of head git revert — git describe — Print version and hash of HEAD git log --name-only --author= — Print changed files by commit git log — Print files history git ls-files — List files git show : — Take a peek at the older revision of the file git diff — Compare two commits git stash — If you want to switch branches, but you don't want to commit your changes yet, you can 'stash' them git stash apply — Apply the changes you stashed git stash list — List all the stashes git stash show -p stash@{0} — Show the diff of most recent stash git update-index --chmod=+x — Change files permissions git config -l — Print repos configuration settings git config core.filemode false — Ignores executable bit of the files ``` CHECKOUT: ```shell git log > ../gitLog — First save log to file git checkout — Then checkout previous versions git checkout head — Return to head ``` GITHUB MD FORMAT:  — Insert image BISECT: ```shell git bisect start — git bisect bad — Tell git that current version is bad git bisect good v25.0.2 — Tell git the last good version you know about. Now git will checkout a version in between, so you can check it and tell: git bisect bad/good — This will continue until the commit that introduced the bug is found git bisect reset — Exit bisect mode ``` TOOLS: gitk — Repo explorer gitg — A bit nicer version tig — Text based repo explorer gitstats — Generates stats for git repo, outputs HTML VIRTUAL BOX: git config core.filemode false — Ignores the filemode changes made by the host system git config --global --unset https.proxy — If problem pulling ########### ## VIM ## ########### + — Open file at line number alt+ — Escape, key !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ctrl+[ — Escape . — Execute last command again ; — Repeat the last character-wise search \c — Case insensitive search ? — Search backward V — Linewise visual mode ~ — Switch case > — Tab selection right >> — Tab line right P — Paste before cursor x — Delete character gF — Open file under cursor K — Look up word under cursor in man pages ctrl+v — Select visual box (block select) :e — Reload file :sav — Save file as and keep new file open (save as) HELP: ctrl+] — Follow link ctrl+o — Go back :q — Exit help MOVEMENT: e — End of word E — End of WORD W — Start of WORD ge — End of previous word ), ( — Sentence {, } — Paragraph ]], [[ — Section : — Goto line number ctrl+o — Go to previous location ctrl+i — Go to next location % — Jump to matching bracket LINES: 0 — Start of line ^,_ — First non-blank of line +,- — First non-blank of next/previous line Enter — First non-blank of next line SCREEN LINES: g0, g$ — Start/end of screen line gm — Middle of screen line gk, gj — Up/down one screen line PAGE UP/DOWN: H,M,L — Go to top/middle/bottom of screen ctrl F,B — Page up/down ctrl D,U — Half page up/down ctrl E,Y — One more line at bottom/top z Enter, z., z- — Reposition line with cursor at top/middle/bottom SEARCH: *,# — Search forward/backward for exact word under cursor g*,g# — Same, but even when word is embedded % — Find match of current brace, quote,... fx,Fx — Move cursor forward/backward to x on current line tx,Tx — Same, but to one char before x ;/, — Repeat/reverse last :%s/old/new/gc — Replace, like sed, c means with conformations MARKS: '" — Move to position of last edit of file `. — Move to last change in file `0 — Position where you last exited vim INSERT MODE COMMANDS: ctrl+h — Backspace ctrl+u — Delete line ctrl+w — Delete previous word MACROS: q — Record actions (macro) into x q — Stop recording macro @ — Execute x (macro) REGISTERS: "ayy — Copy line into register a "ap — Paste register a :reg — Access all registers SET COMMAND: :set — Set x :set no, ! — Unset x :set =value — Assign x :set -=value — Remove value form :set all — Print all values :set ? — Print x SET COMMAND OPERANDS: autoident, ai — Autoident (noai) backup, bk — Back file up before overwrite (nobackup) ignorecase, ic — Ignore case in search (noic) number, nu — Display line numbers (nonu) relativenumber, rnu — Display relative numbers (nornu) shiftwidth, sw — Number of spaces added when indenting (8) tabstop, ts — Tab width (8) wrap — Wrap lines (wrap) wrapscan, ws — Search wraps around file (ws) mouse=a — Mouse mode (use shift when selecting to copy to clipboard) linebreak — Do not break words :set iskeyword-=. — Remove dot from words part (two words if separated with dot) EDIT COMMANDS: [n] operation [m] motion — If both n and m are specified then n x m c, d, y — Change, delete, yank C, D, Y — Till the end of line cc, dd, yy — Current line cf, df, yf — Forward up to x c), d), y) — Sentence ~ — Change case of character g~w — Switch case of a word gu, gU — To lower/upper case [p — Paste but match current indentation r — Replace character S — Substitute entire line x,X — Delete character/delete back . — Repeat last change ctrl+a, ctrl+x — Increment/decrement number under cursor AUTOMATIC LINEBRAKE (WRAP): gq — Formats (wraps) selected text gqq — Format current line :set tw=72 — Set text width ADVANCED: tw=72 fo=cq wm=0 — No automatic wrapping, rewrapping will wrap to 72 tw — Controls the wrap width you would like to use fo — Controls whether or not automatic text wrapping is enabled, depending whether or not the t flag is set wm — Controls when to wrap based on terminal size COLORSCHEME: :colorscheme — darkblue, torte — Nice, darker slate, default — Less contrast :highlight Normal ctermbg=grey — Set light background SPELLCHECK: :set spell spelllang=en_us — Turn spellcheck on :set nospell — Turn off :setlocal spell spelllang=en_us — Set dictionary z= — Show suggestions for misspelled word ]s — Go to next misspelled word [s — Go to previous misspelled word TABS: :tabe — Open new tab gt, gT — Go to next/previous tab ctrl+pgup/pgdn — Switch tab vim -p — Open one tab page per file ZZ — Save and close tab (same as :wq) SPLITS: :vsp — Split vertically ctrl-w, direction — Move to split AUTOCOMPLETE: ctrl+n — Show autocomplete suggestions HEXDUMP: :%!xxd — Convert to hex :%!xxd -r — Convert back VUNDLE: :PluginInstall — Install plugins REFORMAT CODE: = — Fix indentation ########## ## MISC ## ########## PIRATEBAY: torrents.thepiratebay.sx/7532474/Cabin.torrent — Download torrent file JAVA: javac -cp :... — Tell Java where libraries are located java -Xmx6g myprogram — Reserve 6 giga for process -jar — Execute jar -cp .::... — Tell java where libraries are located, you also need to pass the location of class among paths, hence .: export _JAVA_OPTIONS=-Xmx1000m — Set heap space globally appletviewer .html — Run Java applet jps -lvm — List java processes jmap -histo:live — Memory map jvisualvm — Profiler jar cvfe "bla.jar" *.class — Create executable jar jar xf — Extract files from jar jar tf — Print contents of a jar INSTALL ORACLE JDK: ```shell sudo apt-get remove openjdk* sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/java sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install oracle-java7-installer ``` INSTALL ORACLE JDK ON DEBIAN: ```shell echo "deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/webupd8team/java/ubuntu precise main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/webupd8team-java.list echo "deb-src http://ppa.launchpad.net/webupd8team/java/ubuntu precise main" | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list.d/webupd8team-java.list sudo apt-key adv --keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80 --recv-keys EEA14886 sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install oracle-java7-installer sudo apt-get install oracle-java7-set-default ``` FIREFOX: about:config — Layout.css.devPixelsPerPx default zoom (-1.0) XRANDR: xrandr --output VGA1 --primary — Changes primary screen --output VGA1 --auto --pos 0x0 — `--output LVDS1 --auto --right-of VGA1` - To change their relative positions -q — List devices --auto — Reset --output LVDS1 --off — Turn off laptop screen --output [VGA|HDMI] --mode 1600x1200 — 24" 16x12 on MOUNT ISO: ```shell sudo mkdir /media/x sudo mount -o loop /media/x ``` ECLIPSE: ctrl+1 — Quick fix alt+shift+s — Source submenu ctrl+F7, esc — Close pop-up console window ctrl+7, ctrl+/ — Toggle comment F3 — Goto definition objectaid — UML plugin WINE: winecfg — Drives tab to set drive wine explorer /desktop=abalaba,1024x768 app.exe — Run wine app in virtual desktop reason on wine: down alt down — Open menu regedit — Registry editor CYGWIN: [cygwin] ssh-host-cofig — [command prompt] net start sshd — [any] ssh <windows_username - CASE MATTERS!>@ — Run sshd (use windows password) GOLANG: go build — Compile packages and dependencies clean — Remove object files env — Print Go environment information fix — Run go tool fix on packages fmt — Run gofmt on package sources get — Download and install packages and dependencies (first you need to set GOPATH to dir where packages will get downloaded) install — Compile and install packages and dependencies list — List packages run — Compile and run Go program test — Test packages tool — Run specified go tool version — Print Go version vet — Run go tool vet on packages syntax highlight — `https://github.com/jnwhiteh/vim-golang` for gedit — `sudo cp /usr/share/gtksourceview-3.0/language-specs/go.lang /usr/share/gtksourceview-2.0/language-specs/` simple ncurses — Go get github.com/nsf/termbox-go REPACKAGING A LINUX INSTALL ISO: ```shell # Mount ISO mkdir -p /mnt/linux mount -o loop /tmp/linux-install.iso /mnt/linux ``` ```shell # Copy contents to a working directory cd /mnt/ tar -cvf — Linux | (cd /var/tmp && tar -xf — ) ``` ```shell # Make your changes and repackage (on Debian use genisoimage). -c passes the name of the file that will be created cd /var/tmp/linux mkisofs -o ../your-new.iso -b isolinux/isolinux.bin -c isolinux/boot.cat -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table -J -R -V Your Disk Name Here . ``` GDB: gdb — Start gdb run — Start debugging run < — Run with piped input up — Follow trace print — Print variable COREDUMP: ulimit -c unlimited — Set core file limit to unlimited gdb core — Debug core file with gdb CHROME: F6, ctrl+l, alt+d — Go to address bar ```